By We Level Up | Author Alex Evans, PharmD, MBA | Editorial Policy | Research Policy
Welcome to our Cocaine and Alcohol Comprehensive Guide. We’ll examine Risks, Effects & Treatment options.
When cocaine and alcohol are used together, they create cocaethylene. This is a harmful compound that makes the effects of both drugs stronger and last longer. This combination puts a lot of stress on the liver, heart, and brain. It greatly raises the risk of sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, or overdose. Even small amounts of each substance can cause unpredictable and dangerous reactions.
What are the Dangers of Mixing Cocaine and Alcohol?
Mixing cocaine and alcohol [1] is a hazardous and potentially life-threatening practice that significantly increases the risks associated with each substance individually. Cocaine, a powerful stimulant, and alcohol, a central nervous system depressant, have opposing effects on the body.
Together, they form a dangerous mix that can cause serious health issues. These include heart problems, liver damage, and a higher risk of overdose.
This article provides an overview of the dangers associated with the simultaneous use of cocaine and alcohol, shedding light on the potential adverse effects on physical health, cognitive function, and overall well-being. Understanding these risks is crucial for raising awareness about the dangers of polydrug use and promoting safer and healthier choices among individuals facing substance abuse challenges.
Alcohol and Breastfeeding Key Takeaways
- Cocaethylene remains longer in the body and causes greater strain on the heart, liver, and other organs, increasing the potential for life-threatening effects.
- Effective treatment should address both stimulant cocaine and depressant alcohol withdrawal effects. Medical detox with monitoring for heart and liver health is recommended, along with behavioral therapies like CBT, motivational therapy, and relapse prevention.
- Determining which substance is “worse” is difficult since both are harmful. The key message is that mixing them amplifies the dangers dramatically. Experts advise against using them together under any circumstances.
- Some users combine them to heighten euphoria or “balance” side effects using alcohol to ease cocaine-induced anxiety or agitation. Others do so in social settings to feel more relaxed or confident. However, this combination greatly increases physical and psychological risks.
Risks, Timelines, and Safer Treatment Options
The combination of cocaine and alcohol creates a dangerous chemical called cocaethylene, which stays in the body longer and intensifies harmful effects. This interaction increases the risk of heart attack, liver damage, high blood pressure, and sudden overdose. Cocaethylene also enhances feelings of euphoria, which may cause people to take higher doses raising the chance of addiction and life-threatening consequences.
Cocaethylene can remain detectable in the body for several days, depending on how much and how often cocaine and alcohol are used. Even after the initial effects fade, the heart and liver may still be under significant stress. The safest choice is to avoid using cocaine and alcohol together entirely. Doing so protects your organs, reduces overdose risk, and supports long-term recovery.
Interaction timeline: Cocaethylene remains in the body longer than either cocaine or alcohol alone. Its effects can last several hours, raising blood pressure, heart rate, and risk of organ damage well beyond the initial high.
Health impact: Regular or repeated use of cocaine and alcohol together can cause liver toxicity, mood instability, severe dehydration, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Long-term mixing also increases the likelihood of developing co-occurring addiction and mental health disorders.
Safer approach: Never use cocaine or alcohol simultaneously. If using substances has become a habit, stay away from places where they are available. Seek medical help for a safe detox. This can lower the chances of withdrawal and relapse.
When in doubt: Seek immediate help if you experience chest pain, confusion, or shortness of breath after mixing substances. For ongoing support, contact a licensed addiction treatment provider or a medical professional experienced in dual-substance withdrawal management.
The medical information on this page is provided for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. If someone has used cocaine and alcohol together and experiences chest pain, severe agitation, or becomes unresponsive, call 911 immediately. For 24/7 emotional support in the U.S., call or text 988 (Suicide & Crisis Lifeline).
What is Cocaethylene?
When cocaine and alcohol are used together, the liver metabolizes them into cocaethylene, which has distinct psychoactive effects. Cocaethylene can be more harmful and last longer than cocaine or alcohol by itself. It raises health risks when these substances are mixed.
Severe cardiovascular complications can happen due to cocaethylene:
- An elevated heart rate.
- Increased blood pressure.
- An increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Moreover, cocaethylene can stress the liver and other organs, increasing the potential for organ damage.
Cocaethylene is a harmful byproduct of mixing cocaine and alcohol. This shows why it is important to avoid using these substances together. Doing so helps protect your health and well-being. If someone is struggling with substance abuse involving cocaine, alcohol, or any other drugs, seeking professional help and support is crucial.
Cocaethylene Half Life
The half-life of cocaethylene refers to the time it takes for half of the compound to be eliminated from the body. Cocaethylene’s half-life is more prolonged than cocaine or alcohol alone, contributing to its potentially lengthy effects and increased health risks.
The individual’s metabolism determines the half-life of cocaethylene, the dose of cocaine and alcohol consumed, and the frequency of use. On average, cocaethylene’s half-life is around 2.5 to 5.5 hours. However, cocaethylene can still be detected in the body for longer, depending on the specific drug test used.
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Cocaethylene in Urine
Cocaethylene detection time in urine is approximately 2 to 4 days after the last use.
However, the detection window can be affected by various factors, and in some cases, cocaethylene may be detectable for a shorter or longer period. Furthermore, specialized drug tests may have different detection capabilities, and some tests may be able to detect cocaethylene for an extended period.
Alcohol and Cocaine’s Side Effects
When cocaine and alcohol are mixed, they create a harmful and toxic combination. This mix can cause many negative effects on the body and mind. Here are the potential effects of combining cocaine and alcohol:
- Formation of cocaethylene: The liver metabolizes cocaine and alcohol together, forming cocaethylene, which can have longer-lasting and more toxic effects than either substance alone.
- Increased euphoria and risk-taking behavior: The combination of cocaine’s stimulant and alcohol’s depressant effects can lead to heightened euphoria, reduced inhibitions, and increased risk-taking behaviors.
- Cardiovascular strain: Both substances individually stress the cardiovascular system, and their combination can lead to an elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, and a higher risk of heart-related issues.
- Impaired judgment and coordination: The combination can lead to impaired cognitive function, reduced coordination, and impaired decision-making abilities.
- Intensified hangover symptoms: After the effects wear off, users may experience more severe hangover symptoms, including fatigue, headache, and dehydration.
- Increased risk of overdose: The combination of cocaine and alcohol can mask the signs of intoxication, leading individuals to take more of either substance, increasing the risk of overdose.
- Organ damage: Cocaethylene and the strain on the liver from processing both substances can lead to increased stress and potential damage to the liver and other organs.
- Elevated risk of addiction: The combined use of cocaine and alcohol can increase the likelihood of developing addiction due to the reinforcing effects on the brain.
It is essential to be aware of the dangers of mixing cocaine and alcohol and avoid using them to protect one’s health and well-being. If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, seek professional help and support to address these challenges effectively.
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7/365 Line (844) 597-1011Cocaine and Alcohol Statistics
Cocaine and alcohol misuse remain a significant problem in the US, contributing to health issues, addiction, and adverse social consequences. Simultaneously using these substances can lead to harmful interactions, amplifying health risks and increasing the burden on public health and addiction treatment services.
2.2 Million
In 2019, roughly 2.2 million people aged 12 or older in the US reported using cocaine.
Source: NCBI
15,883
The number of cocaine-related overdose deaths in the US increased from 5,417 in 2014 to 15,883 in 2019.
Source: NCBI
85.6%
In the US, about 85.6% of adults aged 18 or older reported drinking alcohol at some point in their lifetime as of 2019.
Source: NCBI
Why Do People Use Cocaine and Alcohol Together?
People may use cocaine and alcohol together for several reasons, including the following:
- Increased euphoria: The combination of cocaine’s stimulant effects and alcohol’s depressant effects can intensify feelings of euphoria and pleasure.
- Heightened social experience: The mix of these substances is believed by some to enhance sociability and reduce inhibitions, making social gatherings and parties more enjoyable.
- Masking effects: Some individuals may use alcohol to manage the adverse side effects of cocaine, such as anxiety and agitation, while continuing to experience the drug’s stimulating effects.
- Escapism and stress relief: The combined use of cocaine and alcohol may serve as a way for some individuals to temporarily escape from stress, problems, or emotional difficulties.
However, it is crucial to understand that the simultaneous use of cocaine and alcohol can have severe health consequences, including increased cardiovascular risks, liver damage, and a higher risk of overdose[2]. The dangers of this combination outweigh any perceived benefits, and seeking professional help for substance abuse is essential for a healthier and safer life.
Cocaine vs Alcohol
Both cocaine and alcohol can be harmful when misused or abused, and it is essential to approach these substances responsibly and in moderation. Seeking professional help and support for substance abuse is crucial for those facing challenges with these drugs to achieve better health outcomes and overall well-being.
Mixing cocaine and alcohol is very risky. The body turns them into a harmful compound called cocaethylene. This can make you feel more euphoric but also increases toxicity a lot. This combination puts extra stress on the heart and liver. It increases the chance of sudden heart problems and can lead to more impulsive or risky behaviors. Over time, repeated use can lead to dependence, mental health disorders, and long-term organ damage. For people using these substances, it is important to get help. You can contact a certified addiction treatment center. A licensed mental health professional can also assist you. They offer medical supervision, counseling, and support to start recovery safely and effectively.
Cocaine and alcohol are two distinct substances with different effects on the body and mind:
Cocaine:
- Classification: Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug derived from the coca plant.
- Effects: It induces a short-lived euphoria, increased energy, alertness, and confidence, but it can also lead to anxiety, paranoia, and restlessness.
- Risks: Cocaine use carries a high risk of addiction, cardiovascular problems, respiratory issues, and neurological damage.
- Legal status: Cocaine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States, meaning it has a high potential for abuse but has some accepted medical uses.
Alcohol:
- Classification: Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
- Effects: It causes relaxation, reduced inhibitions, and euphoria at lower doses, but higher quantities can lead to impaired coordination, slurred speech, and cognitive impairment.
- Risks: Excessive alcohol consumption can result in addiction, liver disease, cardiovascular problems, and neurological impairment.
- Legal status: Alcohol is legal for adults in most countries, but regulations regarding purchase and consumption vary.
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(844) 597-1011How Long Do Alcohol and Cocaine Stay In Your System?
The time alcohol and cocaine stay in your body depends on several factors. These include how much you drink, how often you use them, your metabolism, and the type of drug test. Here are approximate estimates for the detection windows:
Alcohol:
- Breath: Alcohol can be detected in breath for up to 24 hours after consumption.
- Blood: Alcohol can be detected in blood for up to 12 hours or longer, depending on the amount consumed.
- Urine: Alcohol can be found in urine for 12 to 48 hours after drinking. This depends on how much you drink and your metabolism.
Cocaine:
- Blood: Cocaine can be detected in blood for 1-2 days after use.
- Cocaine can be found in urine for 2 to 4 days after use. However, it may last longer in heavy or regular users.
- Hair: Cocaine can be detected in hair follicles for up to 90 days or more, depending on the length of the hair sample.
Drug detection times can vary, and these estimates are approximate guidelines. For accurate information or if you need to undergo drug testing, it is best to consult with healthcare professionals or the agency conducting the drug test for specific details.
Cocaine and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms
Cocaine and alcohol withdrawal can cause different symptoms. This is because they are different substances that affect the body in separate ways. Here are some common withdrawal symptoms associated with each:
Cocaine Withdrawal Symptoms:
- Fatigue and lethargy.
- Increased appetite.
- Intense drug cravings.
- Depression and anxiety.
- Agitation and irritability.
- Disturbed sleep patterns.
- Suicidal thoughts or behaviors in severe cases.
Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms:
- Tremors or shakiness.
- Sweating and fever.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Anxiety and restlessness.
- Headache and dizziness.
- Hallucinations (in severe cases).
- Seizures (in severe cases).
The severity and duration of withdrawal symptoms can vary based on dependence, drug use duration, and individual factors. Withdrawal from cocaine and alcohol can be challenging and potentially damaging, especially in severe cases, and it is best to seek professional medical help and support when attempting to stop using these substances to ensure a safer and more comfortable recovery process. Medical detoxification and addiction treatment programs can provide the necessary support and care during this period.
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Evidence-Based Studies about the Addiction Cycle with Insights
When cocaine and alcohol are mixed, their effects on the body become much more dangerous than using either one alone. This mix produces a third substance in the liver called cocaethylene, which intensifies euphoria but also increases toxicity. Cocaethylene puts a lot of stress on the heart and liver. This increases the risk of sudden death, heart attack, and long-term organ damage. The combined use also impairs judgment and self-control, leading to higher chances of overdose, risky behavior, and addiction relapse.
How We Level Up Turns Research Into Real Recovery
At We Level Up Treatment Centers, we do more than help people stop using substances we apply evidence-based addiction science to support lasting recovery. Research on cocaine and alcohol interactions informs how we design safe detox programs, manage withdrawal symptoms, and provide dual-diagnosis care for co-occurring mental health challenges.
| Study | Treatment Implications | Insights for Patients |
|---|---|---|
| Cocaethylene: When Cocaine and Alcohol Are Taken Together (Pergolizzi et al., 2022) View Study | Mixing cocaine and alcohol creates a chemical called cocaethylene. This chemical stays in the body longer and increases heart and liver damage. Treatment should include cardiac monitoring, liver function testing, and education on the dangers of simultaneous use. | Combining cocaine and alcohol increases the risk of sudden death, heart attack, and liver damage. Always inform your healthcare provider if you have used both substances together. This helps ensure you get the safest and most effective care. |
| Effects of Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cocaine (Pennings, Leccese, & Wolff, 2002) View Study | Found that the combination increases euphoria and toxicity due to cocaethylene formation. Treatment programs should address enhanced cravings and develop behavioral strategies such as CBT and contingency management to reduce relapse risk. | Just taking the medication is not enough. Going to therapy, support groups, or counseling can help lower the chance of relapse. It can also improve how you handle cravings or withdrawal. |
| Addiction Relapse Prevention (Guenzel & McChargue, StatPearls, 2023) View Resource | Emphasizes integrating therapy, medications, and long-term monitoring to prevent relapse. Early recognition of emotional and mental relapse stages enables timely intervention with CBT, motivational therapy, and medication support. | Mixing cocaine and alcohol may feel more intense but it’s much more dangerous. Being honest about your use helps your care team tailor safe detox and therapy plans. |
| Cocaine and Alcohol Interactions in Humans (Farré et al., 1997) View Study | Demonstrated significant increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective “high” when alcohol was combined with cocaine. Treatment in detox or ER settings should include cardiovascular monitoring and rapid stabilization for polysubstance toxicity. | Even if you feel fine after using both, your heart may be under extreme stress. Always seek medical help after combined use early care can prevent complications. |
What This Means for Your Care at We Level Up
Studies show that mixing cocaine and alcohol creates a chemical called cocaethylene. This chemical can increase strain on the heart and make the drug’s harmful effects last longer on the body and brain. This means recovery must be handled carefully, addressing both stimulant and depressant withdrawal while monitoring for cardiac complications.
At We Level Up, treatment isn’t guesswork. It’s guided by clinical research and compassionate care. Our programs include medical detox, therapy for cravings and triggers, and education on preventing relapse. We offer a safe place for clients to detox, improve their health, and create plans for lasting sobriety.
Cocaine and Alcohol Addiction Treatment
Suppose you or someone you care about is struggling with alcohol and cocaine dependence. We encourage you to seek professional help and support through a detox and addiction treatment program. Overcoming addiction can be challenging, but with the proper guidance and support, you can regain control of your life and work towards a healthier future.
We Level Up addiction treatment and detoxification under medical supervision can ensure a safer withdrawal process, as trained professionals can manage and mitigate withdrawal symptoms, reducing the risk of complications. Moreover, our detox and addiction treatment programs provide a supportive environment with professionals who understand addiction’s complexities and can help you address the underlying issues driving substance use.
Sobriety can help repair strained relationships and rebuild trust with loved ones, improving overall well-being and quality of life. Resources and support are available to help you navigate this challenging journey toward recovery. Contact We Level Up treatment center to learn about options and begin your path toward a healthier, drug-free life.
Signs and Symptoms of Cocaine and Alcohol Addiction
When cocaine and alcohol are used together, the effects on the brain and body can quickly spiral out of control. What might begin as casual or social use often leads to dependency, health deterioration, and emotional instability. Recognizing the early warning signs is vital to seeking timely help and preventing long-term harm.
Behavioral Red Flags and Emotional Instability
People struggling with cocaine and alcohol addiction often experience dramatic changes in their behavior and mood. They may become more secretive, irritable, or unpredictable, especially when under the influence or when craving the substances.
Common behavioral and emotional signs include:
- Sudden mood swings, agitation, or bursts of euphoria followed by depression.
- Increased risk-taking, such as driving while intoxicated or mixing other substances.
- Social withdrawal or loss of interest in relationships, work, or hobbies.
- Lying or hiding substance use from family and friends.
- Financial problems due to spending on drugs or alcohol.
- Neglect of responsibilities, hygiene, or personal goals.
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Patient Stories
These examples reflect illustrative patient experiences. Names and details have been altered for privacy purposes.
- “M., 29 — Breaking the Cycle of Party Use”
M. started using cocaine and alcohol during parties to feel more confident and energetic. Over time, the combination led to extreme crashes, heart palpitations, and severe mood swings. After a frightening hospital visit, M. entered a dual-diagnosis rehab program. Therapy, medical monitoring, and relapse prevention education helped him rebuild his confidence without substances.
“I thought it was just fun until it started controlling me. Rehab helped me take my life back,” M. shared. - “R., 37 — Escaping Emotional Numbness”
R. used alcohol to unwind after work and later added cocaine to “balance out” the drowsiness. The mix created a cycle of emotional numbness, anxiety, and insomnia. In treatment, R. discovered how cocaethylene a toxic byproduct formed when cocaine and alcohol mix was harming his body. Through counseling and lifestyle therapy, he found healthier ways to manage stress.
“Learning what this combo did to my body was a wake-up call. Now I deal with stress, not escape it,” R. reflected. - “T., 42 — Rebuilding Trust and Health”
T. hid his cocaine and alcohol use from his family until erratic behavior and health scares forced an intervention. At We Level Up Treatment Center, he underwent detox, individual therapy, and family counseling. With consistent support and education, T. repaired relationships and learned to maintain long-term sobriety.
“My family believed in me when I couldn’t. Treatment gave me the strength to rebuild both my health and their trust,” T. said.
Illustrative Clinician Perspectives (quotes)
“Rebuilding trust is often one of the hardest parts of recovery. “When patients like T. go to therapy and family counseling, they heal both physically and emotionally. This helps restore bonds that addiction once strained.” — Addiction Recovery Counselor
“Understanding how substances like cocaine and alcohol interact in the body is vital. “For clients like R., understanding how cocaethylene hurts both the brain and body can motivate lasting change.”
— Medical Toxicologist
“Many younger adults begin using these substances socially, unaware of how quickly dependence develops. When patients like M. notice that their casual use has become a pattern, early help can be important. Getting care for both mental health and substance use can make recovery possible. — Dual-Diagnosis Treatment Specialist
Top 5 Cocaine Alcohol FAQs
-
Is cocaine worse than alcohol?
Both cocaine and alcohol have significant risks and can be harmful when misused or abused. Cocaine is a potent and highly addictive stimulant that can lead to immediate and severe health consequences. At the same time, alcohol, when consumed excessively, can cause long-term damage to the liver, brain, and other organs. Comparing their overall impact, both substances are harmful, and the best approach is to avoid using either illicit drugs or alcohol in excessive or risky ways.
-
Can you mix cocaine with alcohol?
Mixing cocaine with alcohol often misspelled cocaine and alcohol is highly hazardous and should be avoided. Combining these substances can lead to the formation of cocaethylene, a toxic metabolite, which increases the risk of severe cardiovascular complications, liver damage, and overdose, potentially resulting in life-threatening consequences.
-
Which one is more harmful? Alcohol vs cocaine?
Comparing the harmful effects of alcohol and cocaine is challenging, as both substances can be profoundly damaging in different ways. Alcohol abuse can lead to long-term health problems like liver disease, cognitive impairments, and addiction. At the same time, cocaine misuse can cause immediate and severe health risks, such as cardiovascular issues, neurological damage, and a higher risk of overdose. Ultimately, both substances are destructive.
-
How long does cocaethylene stay in your system?
The half-life of cocaethylene, a metabolite formed when cocaine and alcohol are consumed together, is estimated to be around 2.5 to 5.5 hours. This means it may take approximately 2.5 to 5.5 hours for half of the cocaethylene in the body to be eliminated. However, it can still be detectable in the system for longer, depending on factors like individual metabolism and the sensitivity of the drug test.
-
What is norcocaine benzoylecgonine cocaethylene?
Norcocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaethylene are all metabolites that result from the metabolism of cocaine in the body. Norcocaine is a minor metabolite of cocaine, benzoylecgonine is the primary metabolite and the compound typically tested for in drug screenings, and cocaethylene is a unique compound formed when cocaine is mixed with alcohol.
Your Brain on Cocaine. Cocaine’s Effects on Brain & Body. What is Cocaine? How is Cocaine Made?
Alcohol and cocaine use can profoundly damage the brain due to their interactions with neurotransmitters and brain regions. Chronic use can disrupt cognitive function, memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation. Additionally, combined alcohol and cocaine can increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and overdose, making it a hazardous combination with potentially severe consequences for both physical and mental health.
If you or a loved one is struggling with cocaine addiction or other substance use disorder(s), call for a FREE consultation 24/7 at (561) 678-0917
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Search We Level Up Cocaine and Alcohol Detox, Mental Health Topics & Resources
Resources
Cocaine Addiction Signs, Symptoms & Treatment – Explains the behavioral, psychological, and physical warning signs of cocaine addiction and available treatment options.
Mixing Drugs and Alcohol Dangers – Discusses the health and mental risks of combining alcohol with drugs like cocaine, opioids, or prescription stimulants.
Cocaethylene: Understanding the Dangerous Byproduct of Cocaine and Alcohol – Details how the body creates cocaethylene when cocaine and alcohol are combined and why it increases overdose risk.
Cocaine Detox and Withdrawal Timeline – Outlines the stages, symptoms, and safe detox options for individuals withdrawing from cocaine.
Signs Of Cocaine Use, Effects, Withdrawal Symptoms & Treatment – Explains the common behavioral and physical warning signs of cocaine use, along with treatment and recovery options.
Ultimate Cocaine Detox: Symptoms & Care – Discusses the cocaine detox process, withdrawal symptoms, and medically supervised treatment approaches.
Signs Of Cocaine Overdose, Symptoms, Amount, & Treatment – Covers the symptoms and risks of cocaine overdose and what steps to take in an emergency.
How Addictive Is Cocaine? The Dangers of Cocaine Addiction – Explores the addictive properties of cocaine and why dependence develops so rapidly.
Sources
[1] Mixing cocaine and alcohol. See Cocaethylene: When Cocaine and Alcohol Are Taken Together
[2]Higher risk of overdose. See Drug Overdose Deaths: Facts and Figures
[3] Porrino LJ, Smith HR, Nader MA, Beveridge TJ. What is Cocaine? The effects of cocaine: a shifting target throughout addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 15;31(8):1593-600. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.040. Epub 2007 Sep 4. PMID: 17900777; PMCID: PMC2211431.
[4] Hatsukami DK, Fischman MW. Crack cocaine and cocaine hydrochloride. Are the differences between myth and reality? JAMA. 1996 Nov 20;276(19):1580-8. PMID: 8918856. What is Cocaine?
[5] NIDA. Drug Misuse and Addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. http://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction. July 13, 2020, Accessed April 3, 2023.
[6] Farrell M, Martin NK, Stockings E, Bórquez A, Cepeda JA, Degenhardt L, Ali R, Tran LT, Rehm J, Torrens M, Shoptaw S, McKetin R. Responding to global stimulant use: challenges and opportunities. Lancet. 2019 Nov 2;394(10209):1652-1667. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32230-5. Epub 2019 Oct 23. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Nov 16;394(10211):1806. PMID: 31668409; PMCID: PMC6924572.
[7] Farzam K, Faizy RM, Saadabadi A. Cocaine Effects & Stimulants. 2023 Feb 13. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 30969718.
[8] LaHood AJ, Kok SJ. Ethanol Toxicity. [Updated 2023 Mar 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557381/
[9] Alcohol’s Effects on Health – National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
[10] Alcohol’s Effect on Health: NIAAA brochures and fact sheets – National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
