What is Biofeedback Therapy? How it Works, Benefits and Side Effects

Biofeedback is a technique used to improve the ability to modify involuntary processes consciously. It is frequently used for symptom management in chronic illness and as part of physical therapy for patients with motor dysfunction. Biofeedback also has non-musculoskeletal targets such as anxiety and stress reduction. It is frequently used to manage stress and anxiety, either if they are the primary illness or due to another cause. Continue to read more about the benefits and side effects of biofeedback therapy for mental health.

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Clinically Reviewed by Lauren Barry, LMFT, MCAP, QS
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Reviewed / Updated: July 9, 2025 — Editorial Policy | Research Policy | Privacy Policy

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Biofeedback therapy has gained attention in recent years as a non-invasive approach to improving physical and mental health. This mind-body technique helps you control certain bodily functions such as heart rate, muscle tension, skin temperature, and blood pressure.

There are several types of biofeedback therapy. During biofeedback therapy, painless sensors (electrodes) or devices are attached to your body. These sensors monitor the psychological signals from your body and feed information to computers. The data is displayed visually (e.g., graphs, lights) or aurally (e.g., tones, beeps), depending on the type of therapy. This feedback will allow you to see how your body responds to stress or relaxation techniques.

Keep reading to learn how biofeedback therapy works and how it can help you cope with stress and anxiety or manage emotional responses.

Key Takeaways

Biofeedback therapy helps you control body functions such as heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure with the help of electric sensors.
Sensors show real-time feedback on how your body responds to stress and other sensor activity.
Biofeedback types include heart rate variability (HRV), neurofeedback, electromyography (EMG), thermal, stress response monitoring, and respiratory biofeedback.
This mind-body technique helps reduce stress, manage pain, improve sleep, and treat PTSD, migraines, or ADHD.
It is safe for most people, but you may experience temporary fatigue, lightheadedness, or increased symptoms during initial sessions. However, these symptoms get better as you learn to control their body’s reactions.

Types of Biofeedback Therapy

There are several types of biofeedback therapy. The most common types include heart rate variability (HRV), neurofeedback, electromyography (EMG), thermal, stress response monitoring, galvanic skin response (GSR), and respiratory biofeedback.

The method you choose may depend on what you want and what your therapist or physician recommends. Below, we’ll discuss neurofeedback in more detail.

Neurofeedback

Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback therapy that uses electroencephalography (EEG) technology to measure brain wave activity. During a neurofeedback session, sensors are placed on the scalp to measure brainwaves. These sensors are also connected to an EEG device.

Neurofeedback is also called EEG biofeedback. The brainwave patterns are displayed on a screen in the form of sounds, visuals, or games. This feedback trains individuals to control their brain activity and improve focus, relaxation, or emotional control.

Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapy that is used to treat different conditions such as ADHD, anxiety, depression, addiction, pain, epilepsy, and sleep disorders. Each condition requires a slightly different type of neurofeedback therapy. Below are several examples.

HEG (Hemoencephalography) Neurofeedback

HEG is helpful for people living with severe migraines, ADHD, or memory issues. This type of brain training therapy provides feedback about the blood flow in the brain.

During HEG therapy, infrared sensors are placed on a person’s forehead to track cerebral oxygen levels and blood volume changes. This type of therapy aims to increase blood flow and oxygenation in certain brain regions. It is also helpful for improving cognitive function and emotional regulation.

Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG) Neurofeedback

qEEG is a brain mapping technique that provides a detailed analysis of your brain wave patterns. These patterns are then analyzed and compared to a database of typical brainwave activity. This comparison allows us to identify which brain areas are overactive, underactive, out of balance, or how brain cells communicate. Thanks to the qEEG results, it becomes possible to develop personalized neurofeedback (EEF-biofeedback) therapy tailored to your brain profile. It can be used in the treatment of various neurological and psychological conditions such as autism, ADHD, mental dysfunctions, and addictions.

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How Does Biofeedback Therapy Work?

Biofeedback therapy helps you learn to control your body’s natural responses, like breathing, heart rate, or muscle tension. During a therapy session, a healthcare professional places small, painless sensors on your body. These sensors are connected to computers that show how your body is reacting in real time.

Patient practicing relaxation techniques aided by biofeedback equipment

How do these sensors work? Sensors can be attached to your fingers, palms, scalp, or chest. It depends on what is being monitored. You’ll sit comfortably in the chair while we attach sensors to your head.

These sensors may monitor:

Breathing rate
Heart rate
Muscle tension
Skin temperature
Sweat gland activity
Brain activity

The information collected by these sensors is displayed on a computer screen or device. You can see your physiological responses in the form of graphs, patterns, or even animations on the screen.

Sometimes, you’ll hear sounds like tones or music or may feel vibrations. This visual and auditory feedback helps you understand how your body reacts to stress, movement, or relaxation. The next step is a biofeedback session.

Biofeedback Therapy Fact Sheet

What Biofeedback Therapy Can Help With?

It is beneficial for managing stress as well as a variety of conditions that may be exacerbated by stress, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the following:

Anxiety.
Traumatic brain injuries.
Depression.
Digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
High and low blood pressure.
Migraines.
Pain.
Physical reactions to stress.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Relaxation and stress management.
Tension headaches.
Other Mental health conditions.

Benefits of Biofeedback Therapy

Biofeedback therapy has its pros and cons, and it might not be good for everyone. Therefore, it’s important to consider both the benefits and risks of biofeedback therapy before starting. Here are some reasons to consider biofeedback therapy:

Works Well with Other Treatments: It is a safe, non-invasive approach that complements other treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, medication, or physical therapy.
Helps You Control Your Emotions: Biofeedback therapy trains you on how to manage your body’s responses in stressful situations.
Helps Manage Stress and Anxiety: It helps individuals recognize stress triggers and develop techniques to lower physiological responses like muscle tension and heart rate.
Assists in Post-Injury Rehabilitation: EMG biofeedback helps patients recover from injuries and regain control over specific muscle groups.

Can Improve ADHD Symptoms: Neurofeedback has been widely shown to improve concentration and reduce hyperactivity in kids and adults with ADHD.

Things to Consider Before Trying Biofeedback Therapy

Biofeedback is generally considered a safe procedure, but you should always talk to your physician or therapist about your options before you begin. It is only sometimes suitable for everyone; other approaches might work better for your situation.

Credentials: Be sure to check on the credentials of the professional treating you.
Cost: Fees vary based on the biofeedback therapist’s training, qualification, and experience.
Biofeedback Therapy Devices: Medical and mental health professionals use the first one. The second one is available on the consumer market for personal use. Remember that most of the devices you see available for purchase have yet to be evaluated for safety or effectiveness by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Talk to your therapist about which devices they recommend.

Two Different Categories of Biofeedback Therapy Devices

Clinical Biofeedback Therapy Devices: The FDA regulates these devices utilized for clinical purposes. These devices are often available through a biofeedback therapist’s office or the office of another health practitioner.
Personal Use Biofeedback Devices: This device can be purchased from online retailers for personal, in-home use. Such devices often involve sensors that record information and can be plugged into a computer. Other wearable devices utilize sensors that provide input via an app on your mobile device.

Preparing For Biofeedback Therapy

Check your biofeedback therapist’s credentials before starting therapy. It would help if you asked about their training and whether or not they accept your health insurance. State laws regulating biofeedback practitioners vary. Check your own state’s regulations before visiting a therapist.

Biofeedback is generally safe but might not be appropriate for everyone. For example, biofeedback devices might not work correctly on people with certain medical conditions, such as heart rhythm problems or skin conditions. So be sure to discuss it with your doctor first.

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The most common types of therapies utilized in mental health treatment in the US include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, biofeedback therapy, and medication management. However, the choice of therapy depends on the individual’s needs, diagnosis, and treatment preferences. Unfortunately, there are disparities in access to mental health care, with specific populations facing barriers such as lack of insurance coverage or limited availability of services in their communities.

19%

In 2019, about 19% of adults received mental health treatment in the past year.

_{Source: SAMHSA}

20%

Roughly 20% of adults in the United States experience a mental health disorder in any given year.

_{Source: NIMH}

20.1 Million

In 2019, approximately 20.1 million US adults (8.2% of the adult population) took psychiatric medications.

_{Source: NIMH}

Understanding Biofeedback Therapy for Anxiety

There are numerous effective therapy options for mental health, and biofeedback therapy is recognized as one, particularly for anxiety. Biofeedback therapy can be a valuable tool in the treatment of anxiety disorders because it helps individuals develop self-regulation skills and gain control over their physiological responses.

Biofeedback therapy for anxiety is a non-invasive treatment approach to help individuals learn self-regulation techniques to manage their anxiety symptoms.

It involves using sensors to monitor anxiety-related physiological responses, such as heart rate, skin conductance, or muscle tension. This information is then provided to the individual in real-time visual or auditory feedback, allowing them to become aware of their body’s reactions and learn to regulate them consciously.

By practicing biofeedback techniques, individuals can potentially reduce anxiety, promote relaxation, and improve their overall well-being. Research has shown promising results in using biofeedback therapy as a complementary treatment for anxiety disorders. Still, it is often used in conjunction with other therapeutic interventions for a comprehensive approach to anxiety management.

Biofeedback Physical Therapy

Biofeedback physical therapy often incorporates relaxation exercises and strategies, such as progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, and guided imagery. These practices can help individuals develop a stronger mind-body connection, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety or depressive symptoms.

Belly breathing biofeedback therapy involves diaphragmatic breathing, focusing on deep, slow breaths that expand the belly rather than shallow chest breathing. This biofeedback therapy can enhance the practice of belly breathing by providing real-time feedback on breathing patterns and helping individuals learn to achieve optimal diaphragmatic breathing.
Ultrasound biofeedback speech therapy also can be a beneficial tool in speech therapy. Ultrasound biofeedback is used in speech therapy to provide visual feedback on tongue movement and placement during speech production. It involves using ultrasound imaging technology to capture real-time images of the tongue and its movements.
Biofeedback occupational therapy may support individuals in improving self-regulation, managing stress, and enhancing overall well-being. Sensors are placed on the individual’s body to measure physiological reactions, such as heart rate, skin conductance, or muscle tension. These sensors provide real-time data that is then fed into the biofeedback equipment.
Biofeedback therapy for constipation can be an option for individuals experiencing chronic constipation. It focuses on improving the coordination and function of the pelvic floor muscles, which play a role in bowel movements. Biofeedback therapy constipation treatment is often used in conjunction with other treatment approaches, such as dietary modifications, fluid intake adjustments, and medication, to address constipation comprehensively.

Physical therapy biofeedback alone may not be sufficient for treating complex mental health conditions. It is typically used as part of a comprehensive treatment approach that involves collaboration between physical therapists, mental health professionals, and other healthcare providers to address the holistic needs of individuals with mental health symptoms.

Patient receiving biofeedback therapy

Biofeedback Therapy Pelvic Floor

Biofeedback therapy for pelvic floor can have indirect benefits for mental health. The pelvic floor refers to a group of muscles at the bottom of the pelvis that plays a role in bladder and bowel control, sexual function, and support of pelvic organs. When these muscles are tense, weak, or dysfunctional, it can contribute to physical discomfort and emotional distress.

Biofeedback pelvic floor therapy involves sensors to monitor muscle activity in the pelvic floor region. This feedback helps individuals become aware of their pelvic floor muscle tension and learn to control and relax these muscles more effectively.

While pelvic floor biofeedback therapy can indirectly benefit mental health, it is typically used as part of a comprehensive treatment approach that may include other interventions such as pelvic floor exercises, lifestyle modifications, and psychological support. Consulting with a qualified healthcare provider or biofeedback therapy specialist can help determine the most appropriate treatment plan for your needs.

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What Happens During a Biofeedback Session?

Know that biofeedback sessions are tailored to a person’s condition and treatment goals. The therapist will help you identify patterns and triggers that influence your body’s stress response.

For example, if you’re struggling with chronic pain, the therapist may focus on muscle tension and skin temperature. For anxiety or stress management, they may emphasize heart rate variability and breathing patterns.

After seeing how your body responds to stress or other stimuli, your therapist will teach you techniques to control these responses.

They may guide you in practicing:

Breathing exercises
Muscle relaxation

Mindfulness or focus
Body positioning

As you practice, you’ll see how these techniques change your body’s responses on the screen. Over time, you’ll learn to control these responses on your own without relying on the biofeedback equipment.

Your therapist will provide feedback and support throughout the session and develop a practice plan for use outside training sessions. Now, it is your responsibility to apply these self-regulation practices in your daily life to manage stress, reduce pain, and improve overall well-being.

If you’re wondering how long a biofeedback session lasts, it depends on the condition being treated and how quickly you learn to control your body responses. Each biofeedback session generally lasts 30-60 minutes, but can be shorter or longer depending on your needs. The number of sessions also varies widely depending on what is being treated and your response to treatment. Some people may see improvements after just a few sessions, while others may need to attend more sessions before they see significant improvements.

If you want your biofeedback session to be effective, you need to be active in the treatment. Moreover, regularly practice the aforementioned techniques between and after training sessions.

Therapist discussing biofeedback session results with a patient

Side Effects of Biofeedback Therapy

Biofeedback therapy is a safe, non-invasive, and drug-free treatment and has minimal reported side effects. Like any treatment, some people may need time to adjust to biofeedback therapy, and it may not be suitable for everyone. The chances of experiencing side effects are lower when sessions are led by an experienced practitioner.

At We Level Up Treatment Center, we introduce patients to biofeedback therapy with great care. Our certified and skilled therapists supervise biofeedback sessions. They’ll guide you through any side effects you may encounter.

While most people do not experience side effects from biofeedback, some people may experience mild and temporary discomfort during or after sessions. These are typically short-lived.

Rare but possible side effects of biofeedback therapy may include:

Fatigue or exhaustion: The mental effort required to focus and learn self-regulation techniques can be tiring, especially for those new to the therapy. This fatigue typically subsides with rest and as you become more accustomed to the process.
Skin Irritation: Some individuals may experience mild irritation from electrodes or sensors attached to the skin. However, this side effect is typically minimal and temporary.
Lightheadedness or Dizziness: Although very rare, you might feel lightheaded or dizzy during a session, particularly if you’re practicing deep breathing exercises. If this happens, inform your therapist, who can help you adjust your breathing to a comfortable rhythm.
Temporary Stress or Anxiety: You might feel more anxiety, stress, or pain in the early sessions. These symptoms usually improve as you learn to control your body better.
Headaches: In rare cases, headaches might occur, particularly when using neurofeedback (brainwave biofeedback).

How do you avoid these side effects? Although the side effects of biofeedback therapy are rare and usually mild, you can avoid them by:

Working with a Qualified Practitioner: Choose an experienced and certified biofeedback therapist. They can guide you through treatment, adjust techniques, and address any discomfort or side effects.
Consulting Your Healthcare Provider: If you have any pre-existing medical or psychological conditions, talk to your healthcare provider before starting biofeedback therapy. They’ll decide if it is safe and appropriate for your conditions.
Taking a Slow Start: If you’re new to biofeedback, ease into the process with shorter or simpler sessions. Gradually build up your focus and tolerance to avoid feeling overwhelmed.

Follow these precautions to enjoy the benefits of biofeedback therapy with minimal or no side effects.

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How To Find a Qualified Biofeedback Therapy Near Me?

To find a qualified biofeedback therapy specialist, you can follow these steps:

Seek Referrals: Ask your primary care physician or mental health provider for recommendations. They may be familiar with reputable biofeedback therapists in your area or can provide referrals to trusted sources.
Check Professional Organizations: Look for professional members of reputable organizations such as the Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA) or the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB). These organizations maintain directories of certified practitioners who have met rigorous standards in biofeedback therapy.
Conduct Online Research: Search online for biofeedback therapists in your area. Read their websites or professional profiles to gather information about their qualifications, experience, and specialties. Pay attention to their credentials, certifications, and specific areas of expertise related to your needs.
Verify Licensure and Credentials: Ensure the biofeedback therapist holds appropriate licenses and certifications in their field. This may include being a licensed psychologist, mental health counselor, or certified biofeedback practitioner. You can usually verify licensure by checking with your state licensing board or the respective professional organization.
Consider Experience and Specialization: Look for a therapist who has experience working with the specific condition or symptoms you are seeking treatment for, such as anxiety, migraines, or chronic pain. Specialized training or certifications in particular areas of biofeedback therapy can also be beneficial.
Consultation and Compatibility: Contact potential biofeedback therapists and schedule an initial consultation. Use this opportunity to discuss your concerns, ask questions about their approach and experience, and gauge their compatibility with your personality and treatment goals. A good therapeutic relationship is crucial for the success of the therapy.
Cost and Insurance: Inquire about the cost of sessions and whether the therapist accepts your insurance, if applicable. All insurance plans may not cover biofeedback therapy, so it’s essential to understand the financial aspects beforehand.

By following these steps, you can select a qualified biofeedback therapy specialist who is well-suited to address your needs and provide effective treatment. Connect with We Level Up mental health treatment center for more information and resources.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How Much Does Biofeedback Therapy Cost?

A single biofeedback therapy session can cost up to a few hundred dollars. However, the cost varies widely based on the clinic, the therapist’s experience, and the number of sessions. Some therapists may offer deals or discounts for multiple sessions.

Does Insurance Cover Biofeedback Therapy?

Yes, some medical and psychological insurance plans cover biofeedback therapy under mental health or alternative medical benefits. Reimbursement to the client may vary by plan and carrier. You should check with your insurance provider if biofeedback therapy is covered and understand any limitations or requirements, such as pre-authorization or a referral from a healthcare provider.

How Effective is Biofeedback Therapy?

Research has shown the effectiveness of biofeedback therapy for various conditions, such as stress, anxiety, pain, and some medical conditions. However, biofeedback is just one part of a treatment plan and doesn’t replace standard medical care. Moreover, not everyone is a good candidate for biofeedback therapy. Be sure to check with your doctor before starting to see if it’s right for you.

Learn About Anxiety Disorder Facts & Anxiety Treatment Programs That Can Help You

Neurofeedback therapy is a non-invasive approach that aims to alleviate anxiety symptoms by training individuals to self-regulate their brain activity. It involves using sensors to monitor the brainwaves and providing real-time feedback to the individual.

Through repeated sessions, patients learn to recognize and modify patterns associated with anxiety, promoting a state of calm and relaxation. Neurofeedback therapy has shown promising results in reducing anxiety levels and improving overall well-being in individuals seeking alternative treatment options.

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Learn About Anxiety Disorder Facts Video Transcript

Anxiety disorders are a prevalent mental health condition. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, 31.1% of Americans have suffered from some anxiety disorder.

Everyone experiences anxiety because it is one of the body’s natural responses to stress, but people with anxiety disorders frequently have intense, excessive, and persistent worries about everyday situations.

These feelings of anxiety and panic interfere with daily activities and are difficult to control. They are also out of proportion to the actual degree of danger and last long after exposure to the trigger. In many cases, these symptoms lead people to avoid situations or people that might trigger anxiety. Symptoms may start during childhood or the teen years and continue into adulthood.

Anxiety activates the stress response, also known as the fight, flight, or freeze response. This survival reaction immediately stimulates the body into emergency action, putting stress on the body.

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Sources

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